Dance
DAA 1000 Fundamentals of Dance Technique
Credits: 3.
Practice and principles of fundamentals and stylistic characteristics common to ballet, jazz and modern dance. (H)
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: DAA 1000 with minimum grade of C, or audition.
Experience in beginning level technique, readings, observations and movement exploration.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: DAA 1000 with minimum grade of C, or audition.
Basic ballet technique with discussion of terminology and history.
Credits: 2.
An introduction to traditional West African dance and music. Course will focus on the learning of material emphasizing practice and performance with application to classroom and outreach oriented projects.
DAA 2381 World Dance and Intercultural Performance
Credits: 3; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: dance major/minor or audition.
An introduction to the performance of traditional and popular dance styles representing a selection of world dance perspectives. Emphasizing practice and performance, the course examines dance forms in relation to their specific cultural contexts. Readings, video viewing and class projects will enhance laboratory exploration. (H and N)
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: DAA 1000 with minimum grade of C, or audition.
Basic jazz technique with emphasis on style, movement skills and vocabulary.
Credits: 2; Prereq: DAA 2104 or instructor permission.
An introduction to improvisation and composition with emphasis on process and movement elements. Solo choreography.
Credits: 2; Prereq: DAA 2610 or instructor permission.
Practice and study of basic compositional crafting, emphasizing solo and small group works.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 8 credits. Prereq: audition.
Experience in intermediate level technique, readings, observations and movement exploration exercises.
DAA 3109 Modern Dance 3-2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
DAA 3113 Modern Dance for the Theatre 3-2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: audition.
Intermediate ballet technique with discussion of terminology and theory.
DAA 3209 Ballet 3-2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
Credits: 1; Prereq: DAA 3208 or higher, and faculty permission.
Instruction in pointe technique with the study of variations from classical ballet repertory.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: audition.
Intermediate level classes in jazz combining technique, style and movement skills.
Credits: 2; Prereq: audition.
Basic and intermediate techniques of musical theatre styles and choreography.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: DAA 2504 or DAA 2204 or DAA 2104, or audition.
Instruction in early American jazz dance styles that relate to concert dance and related theatre productions.
DAA 3549 Music Theatre Dance Styles 2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
Credits: 2; Prereq: DAA 2611 or instructor permission.
The practice and study in choreography with focus on various compositional styles, both traditional and nontraditional.
Credits: 2; Prereq: DAA 3614 or instructor permission.
Practice and study in choreography of group works, including theory and aesthetics.
Credits: 2; Prereq: DAA 2611 or instructor permission.
The practice and study in choreography with focus on various compositional styles, both traditional and nontraditional.
DAA 3656 Dance Repertory 3 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 8 credits. Prereq: audition.
Advanced level techniques, readings, observation, informal performance and movement exploration exercises.
DAA 4111 Modern Dance 4-2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
DAA 4112 Modern Dance for the Theatre 4-2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 8 credits. Prereq: audition.
Advanced ballet technique with discussion of terminology and style.
DAA 4211 Ballet 4-2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
DAA 4354 Spanish Dance (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
Credits: 2; can be repeated with change in content up to 8 credits. Prereq: audition.
Course teaches advanced-level jazz technique and style, including a study of style variations, readings, observations, movement projects and choreography.
DAA 4550 Musical Theatre Dance Styles 3 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
DAA 4551 Musical Theatre Dance Styles 4 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
DAA 4657 Dance Repertory 4 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
Credits: 1; Prereq: audition.
Experience in dance ensemble: preparation, performance and production.
DAA 4755 Pilates Technique for the Dancer
Credits: 1 to 3; Prereq or Coreq: junior or senior level dance major or instructor permission.
Systematic achievement of strength, tone, flexibility and posture for optimal physical performance in dance. May be repeated with a change of content up to six credits.
Credits: 1 to 6; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: audition.
An intensive workshop including technique (ballet, jazz, modern, multi-cultural), improvisation, composition, repertory, production work and culminating in performance.
Credits: 1 to 3; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
Lecture, seminar or studio sessions covering selected topics of current interest in dance.
Credits: 3; Prereq: junior or senior level dance major/minor and instructor permission.
Methods and skills for teaching in ballet, modern and jazz, including theory and practice.
Credits: 2; Prereq: DAE 4300.
Continues dance teaching methods. Each student will prepare and teach a 90-minute ballet class. The course also incorporates lecture, class discussion, videos and active participation to provide the fundamental skills necessary to teach classical ballet.
DAN 2100 Dance Appreciation for the Twenty-first Century
Credits: 3.
A critical examination of dance as a form of communication and as an art; a cross-cultural survey of theories and styles of dance, their relationships to societal contexts and to other art forms. (H, N)
Credits: 3; Prereq: instructor permission.
Students explore musical forms and their direct relationship to dance and dance-making. Includes basic music reading skills, creating sound socres, the basic elements of music and how to read and analyze scores as choreographers and musicians do.
DAN 3634 Literature and Materials Music 3 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
DAN 3644 20th Century Music and Literature for Dance (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
DAN 3714 Kinesiology (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
DAN 3724 Anatomy for Dance with Laboratory (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 4.
Credits: 3. Prereq: DAN 3724.
Creating skeletal muscles in clay and applying them to a plastic skeleton. Assignments relative to size and location of muscles of the body and building them by layers on the mannequin skeleton model.
DAN 3745 Pilates (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
Credits: 2 to 3. Prereq: instructor permission.
This experiential course explores the links between the creative and the healing arts, focusing on the many ways that dance and movement can be used to enhance the healing process. It includes lecture/discussion, student workshops in dance and the other arts and laboratory experiences (3 hours/week for 2 credits, 6 hours/week for 3 credits) with Shands Hospital's Arts in Medicine program. This course is appropriate for students of the arts and/or of health related fields who are willing to access their creative potentials.
Credits: 3; Prereq: DAN 2100 with minimum grade of C or dance major/minor.
Survey of the historical development of dance with reference to social contexts, periods and culture. (H and N)
DAN 4154 Dance Criticism (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
DAN 4155 Seminar in Dance Theory and Criticism
Credits: 3; Prereq: DAN 4124 and dance major.
Survey of theoretical and critical concepts of dance with emphasis on diversity of styles and concepts as set forth by professional dance companies.
DAN 4180 Professional Development for Dance
Credits: 1; can be repeated with change in content up to 8 credits. Prereq: dance major.
Addresses crucial professional issues in dance. Student knowledge of technique, professional resources and networking, dance research, current events and professional presentation with experiences to prepare major for graduation into a career in dance.
Credits: 3
Experiential examination of movement from the integrated theoretical framework of body, effort, shape and space.
DAN 4503 Dance Production 1 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
DAN 4515 Dance Production 2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
DAN 4635 Literature and Materials of Music 4 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
Credits: 1-3; Prereq: DAN 3755 and instructor permission.
This course offers practical clinical experience in the use of movement to enhance healing in a hospital or community setting. The student will work though Shands Arts in Medicine or a comparable program in individually contracted situations.
Credits: 1 to 4; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
A reading, research, practical or creative project in an area of dance.
DAN 4912 Senior Dance Project (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2. Prereq: dance major and instructor permission.
Credits: 1 to 4; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
A publicly presented project representing the culmination of the student's university experience and demonstrating a high level of competence in dance performance, choreography or production.
Oral Interpretation
ORI 2000 Oral Performance of Literature 1
Credits: 3; not open to theatre/dance majors.
An introduction to the presentational mode of interpreting literature with emphasis on the improvement and application of vocal skills. (H)
Theatre
Credits: 3; not open to theatre/dance majors.
Study of history, literature, forms, styles and philosophies of theatre from a humanistic approach. (D and H)
THE 2020 Introduction to Theatre for Majors
Credits: 3; Prereq: theatre majors only.
The art of theatre as related to selected playscripts representative of theatre styles. Examines the creative processes of theatre artists.
THE 2931 Interdisciplinary Honors in Theatre
Credits: 3; can be repeated for credit with change in content.
An Honors Seminar focusing on special topics, great works or epochal ideas, including topics not normally available among regular department listings.
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2020 and junior/senior level, or instructor permission.
Introduction to the theatre scene in present-day Western and Eastern Europe with emphasis on UK, France, Germany. Readings and discussions of dramatic literature and criticism.
THE 3231 African American Theatre History and Practice
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2000 or THE 2020.
Exams origins and development of theatre by, for and about Black Americans
THE 3234 Diversity and Multiculturalism in American Theatre
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2000 or THE 2020.
The development of images of marginalized peoples as presented in the American Theatre from Colonial period to the present. (D and H)
THE 3762 Teaching Creative Dramatics in Secondary School
Credits: 3.
An analysis of instructional methods and materials for the secondary school (including middle school) creative dramatics teacher.
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2000 or THE 2020.
Survey of the history of dramatic literature and stage performance from Greek and Roman times to the Restoration, including Japan and India. Concentrating on plays, theatrical spaces and performance practices of each era in the context of social and artistic movements. (H and N)
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2000 or THE 2020.
Continues the survey of THE 4110 from the 18th century to the present, with featured segments on African and contemporary world theatre. Particular emphasis on the 19th century and the emergence of modernist movements: realism, expressionism, Artaud, Brecht. (H and N)
Credits: 3.
Historical elements and the development of music theatre from Gilbert and Sullivan through 20th century styles. Historical information is directly applied to the literature of music written for operettas, oratorios, minstrel shows, vaudeville, burlesque, musical reviews, dance theatre and musical comedies. Shows and composers that promoted change in in musical theatre developemnt are also studied.
Credits: 3.
Historical elements and the development of music theatre from Gilbert and Sullivan through 20th century styles. Historical information is directly applied to the literature of music written for operettas, oratorios, minstrel shows, vaudeville, burlesque, musical reviews, dance theatre and musical comedies. Shows and composers that promoted change in musical theatre development are also studied.
Credits: 3.
An examination of the costume timeline, its relationship to the general climate of the era and its application by theatrical designers.
THE 4285 History of Decor and Architecture for the Stage
Credits: 3.
Study of architecture and decor from prehistoric time to the 19th century as they reflect time and spirit in preparation for play production.
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2000 or THE 2020.
Introduction to the field and concepts of production dramaturgy. Includes script analysis, text editing, research, adaptation, new play development, season selection and programs. Students complete a production protocol.
THE 4724 Play Production in Secondary School
Credits: 4.
Teaching play production in the secondary school, including problems of organizing and integrating the composite elements of theatrical production.
THE 4760 Teaching Drama in Secondary School
Credits: 4.
An analysis of instructional methods and materials at the secondary school level.
Credits: 1 to 4; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
A reading, research or performance project.
THE 4916 Theatre Research 3 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 1 to 4.
Credits: 1 to 3; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
Lecture, seminar or studio sessions covering selected topics of current interest in theatre.
Credits: 2.
THE 4940 Drama Internship in Schools (6-12)
Credits: 10; Coreq: THE 4935.
Internship in the middle school. (S-U)
Credits: 3 to 9; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
Practical experience in repertory theatre with direct skills application in all areas of theatre production.
Credits: 1; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
Participation in the production program of the curriculum with work in preparation and performance. Focus on area of specialization.
Credits: 1 to 4; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: BFA majors and instructor permission.
Final project presented in public performance demonstrating expertise in declared area of specialization.
Credits: 1; Prereq: BFA majors and instructor permission.
Senior project for Bachelor of Arts theatre majors. Completion of a research project and/or preparation of a dramaturgical project to be undertaken with adviser's consent in the final semester.
Credits: 3.
Drawing and painting techniques unique to the theatre. Emphasis on portfolio development and media experimentation: watercolor, markers, charcoal and acrylics.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2074.
Utilization of advanced and experimental techniques unique to theatre graphics; exploration of various media for 3-dimensional representation in scene and design and model building.
Credits: 1; Prereq: theatre or dance major/minor.
Introduction to the skill and artistry of theatrical makeup.
Credits: 4; Prereq: theatre or dance major/minor.
Introduction to skills and craft of technical theatre. Includes knowledge of materials, techniques, tools and supplies basic to the execution of environment. Course requires additional laboratory hours.
Credits: 3. Prereq: theatre/dance major or theatre production minor.
Introduction to skills and craft of costume design and execution. Knowledge of materials, techniques and tools basic to revelation of character.
Credits: 1; Prereq: theatre production major.
Laboratory for development of drawing and painting skills for theatre artist/designer. May be repeated with change of content up to four credits.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2202C or TPA 2232C, and theatre major/minor.
Techniques and basic principles of drafting as applied to stage design: lights and sets.
TPA 3217 Introduction to Lighting and Sound
Credits: 4.
Introduction to electricity and technical skills basic to lighting and sound technology.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2232C and theatre major.
Focus on costume construction skills and techniques; patterning, fitting, alteration, dyeing and accessories.
Credits: 1; can be repeated with a change in content up to 4 credits. Prereq: theatre production major.
Laboratory for development of drawing and painting skills for theatre artist/designer. This course has a $15 lab fee.
Credits: 1 to 3; Prereq: instructor permission.
Advanced practical training in stage management and training and skill development through execution of realized productions.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 3217.
Lighting aesthetics, design and control; application of principles of design to lighting in the theatre.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 4020.
Advanced lighting design with focus on automation programming and presentation techniques.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2074.
Application of fundamentals of costume design to various genres of dramatic literature.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2074.
A study of the basic processes and functions of scenic design within theatrical production. Development of the ability to create spaces based on scripts and choreography.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2074 and TPA 3208.
Specialized study in scene painting with focus on professional studio work and union examination.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2202C and TPA 2232C.
Emphasis on advanced materials construction for the designer/technician in scenic design and technical direction.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2232C and production majors/minors.
Advanced costume construction of period garments. Pattern drafting, tailoring and period accessories.
Credits: 3; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits; Prereq: TAP 2232C and TPA 4239 and production major/ minor.
Utilization of draping techniques to create garments.
TPA 4271 Advanced Light and Sound Engineering
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 4020.
Specialized study of recent advancements in light and sound equipment and techniques.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2202C and instructor permission.
Study of managerial techniques in analysis of time, personnel, budget and safety.
TPA 4352 Digital Design for Theatre and Dance
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 3217 or instructor permission.
Lectures and hands-on labs with emphasis on technologically innovative uses of media. Students attain a performing arts foundation of the history and intersections of live performance with projection, film, video, art and interactive sound design through experimentation with current media tools.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPA 2202C, TPA 2232C, TPA 3217 and TPP 2110.
Study of stage and theatre management skills from technical expertise.
TPA 4930 Special Topics in Theatre Production
Credits: 1 to 3; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits.
Lecture, seminar or studio sessions covering selected topics of current interest in theatre production.
TPA 4940 Internship in Theatre Design or Production
Credits: 1 to 9; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits.
Work with a professional theatre, dance, ballet, opera company or other approved professional situation. (S-U)
Credits: 1; can be repeated with change in content up to 4 credits; Prereq: theatre production major.
Laboratory for development of drawing and painting skills for theatre artist/designer.
Credits: 1 to 3; can be repeated with change in content up to 3 credits.
Production experience in the design or execution of department productions.
Credits: 3.
The discipline and the creative process of acting, including formal and improvisational techniques for developing vocal, physical and analytical skills. (H)
TPP 2110 Acting 1-Instrument and Discipline
Credits: 3. Prereq: theatre or dance major.
The foundation for all performance majors and students seeking entrance into the program. Introduces basic physical, vocal and analytical concepts, methods, vocabulary, discipline, and explores the creative process through exercises in observation and awareness.
Credits: 1; can be repeated with change in content up to 6 credits. Prereq: instructor permission; open to music theatre students; audition required.
Preparation and performance in song and dance ensemble in musical revues and cabaret; development of style, interpretation and flexibility.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3103.
Principles and techniques of various performance methods in acting for television and motion pictures.
TPP 2282 Movement Training for the Actor I
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 2110 and theatre major.
Emphasis on physical preparation and character development through movement. Focusing on the preparation of the body, this course is designed to aid the actor's approach to performance.
TPP 3103 Acting 2 - Analysis and Application
Credits: 3; Prereq: refer to the department.
Experimentation with scripted material: scene study, analysis, audition and performance.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3103 and theatre major.
Emphasis on versatility and expanding the repertory of roles through physical, vocal and psychological transformation.
TPP 3124 Improvisation and Social/Political Issues
Credits: 1 to 3.
Teaches the fundamentals of improvisations; students then take those skills and apply them to spot improv performances in non-traditional venues for non-traditional audiences. Improv techniques are also used to create scenes that make statements about social problems and solutions.
Credits: 3.
Continuation of the third level acting course with emphasis on beginning the development of the professional actor's knowledge of theatre repetoire.
Credits: 3.
A performance course with emphasis on a kinesthetic rather than cerebral connection to language. This course will focus on finding a visceral, full-bodied connection to breath and text by using heightened language. By exploring heightened language in a very physical way the student can find a living connection to words through breath and response to impulse. Students will begin to work more independently, identifying their own challenges and setting goals to overcome them.
TPP 3165 Voice and Movement 3/2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
TPP 3251 Fundamentals of Music Theatre Acting
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3103 and BFA theatre major- acting or music theatre.
Acting techniques as applied to music theatre material. Audition techniques in music and dance.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3251 and theatre major.
Analysis and preparation of roles from music theatre genres. Exploration of vocal styles and staging.
TPP 3253 Advanced Studies in Music Theatre Acting
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3253 and theatre major.
Analysis and preparation in musical theatre styles, repertoire and technique. Vocal skills and choreography techniques and audition techniques will be examined.
TPP 3254 Music Theatre 4 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
TPP 3281 Acting for Dance (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 2.
TPP 3283 Movement Training for the Actor 2
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 2282 and theatre major.
Character development through movement analyses; exploration of the physical demands pf performance; practical applications of movement vocabulary to aid the actor's search for believability.
TPP 3290 Introduction to the Alexander Technique
Credits: 3; Prereq: BA or BFA theatre major or instructor permission.
Introduction to the Alexander Technique (AT); a mind-body approach to the use of self as applied to acting.
Credits: 3; Prereq: refer to the department.
Practical application of theoretical concepts of directing applied to scene study.
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2020 and theatre major.
Teaches the skills of script analysis for actors, directors and designers using a formalist approach.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3103 and theatre major.
Continuation of Acting 3, TPP 3113.
TPP 4117 Acting 4-2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
TPP 4140 Acting: Shakespeare and Period Styles
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 4114 and theatre major.
Experimentation and experience with classical literature: analysis and performance.
TPP 4144 Acting Style: 18th Century to Post Modernism
Credits: 3. Prereq: TPP 4114 and theatre major.
Experimentation and experience with the stylistic techniques, analysis, and performance of plays from the 18th century to Post-Modernism.
TPP 4221 Acting: Audition Workshop and Synthesis
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3103 and theatre major.
Synthesis and exploration of techniques for auditioning; information and advice about the business of acting-trade unions, contracts, agents, etc.
Credits: 6; Prereq: TPP 3113, TPP 4114, TPP 4140, TPP 4144 and theatre-acting major.
Capstone course for all BFA Acting students. Student actors study, experiment and produce in laboratory. This course may be taken online the final semester with permission of the instructor.
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 2110.
Principles and techniques of various performance methods in acting for television and motion pictures.
TPP 4287 Voice, Speech and Body Training for the Actor 1
Credits: 3; Prereq: THE 2020.
Designed to recover and free the voice and integrate the body, mind and emotions of the actor in finding clear and honest expression in performance.
TPP 4288 Voice, Speech, and Body Training for the Actor 2
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 4287.
A continuation of TPP 4287 with an emphasis on scene work, monologues and vocal techniques for heightened and period styles.
TPP 4291 Alexander Technique and the Actor
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3290.
A study of the Alexander Technique (AT) principles in greater depth and applying those principles to acting challenges. This course provides experimental integration of the AT principles in experiential anatomy, selected acting/performace techniques, voice and movement.
TPP 4531 Stage Combat -- Unarmed and Light Weaponry
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3113.
An introduction to stage combat techniques including unarmed, rapier and dagger and/or single sword. Emphasis is on safety and control.
TPP 4532 Stage Combat -- Theatrical Weapon Styles
Credits: 3; Prereq: TPP 3133 or instructor permission. Coreq: TPP 3113.
Instruction in standard armed stage combat techniques: weapon styles may include broad sword, quarterstaff, knife, small sword, sword and shield, or single sword. Safety is emphasized in the creation of the illusion of armed violence.
Credits: 3; Prereq: instructor permission.
An introductory workshop in playwriting, culminating in the creation of a complete, one-act play by each student.
Credits: 3. Prereq: TPP 3103.
TPP 4920 Actors Workshop (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
Basic stage dialects with emphasis on standard British, Irish, American-Southern, American-New York and French. (Using International Phonetic Alphabet.)
TPP 4921 Actors Workshop 2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 3.
TPP 4930 Special Topics in Theatre Performance
Credits: 1 to 3; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits. Prereq: instructor permission.
Lecture, seminar or studio sessions covering selected topics of current interest in theatre performance.
TPP 4940 Internship in Theatre Performance
Credits: 1 to 9; can be repeated with change in content up to 9 credits.
Work with a professional theatre or other approved professional situation. (S-U)
TPP 4952 Repertory Company (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 4 to 9.
TPP 4953 Repertory Company 2 (offered in Miami only)
Credits: 1 to 9.